Knapsack Problem Using Opengl

Knapsack Problem-

Knapsack Problem Using Opengl Programming
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Knapsack Problem Using Opengl Program

Jul 12, 2021 The 0/1 Knapsack problem using dynamic programming. In this Knapsack algorithm type, each package can be taken or not taken. Besides, the thief cannot take a fractional amount of a taken package or take a package more than once. This type can be solved by Dynamic Programming Approach. Fractional Knapsack problem algorithm.
The knapsack problem can be solved by using different methods of computational algorithms. But here we will solve this problem by using a genetic algorithm. So, we could put valuable items in the knapsack. Example: Let us consider, we have four items and their weights and values are given:in the below table: ITEM. WEIGHT (Kg) VALUE.

We have two choices for each nth item. We can put it into the Knapsack (1): Value of the sack= Maximum value obtained from n-1 items. We cannot put it into the KnapSack (0): Value of the sack= Maximum value obtained from n-1 items+Value of our nth item where the capacity of the bag would now shrink to capacity-weight of nth item. Aug 13, 2020 Therefore, a 0-1 knapsack problem can be solved in using dynamic programming. It should be noted that the time complexity depends on the weight limit of. Although it seems like it’s a polynomial-time algorithm in the number of items, as W increases from say 100 to 1,000 ( to ), processing goes from bits to bits.

You are given the following-

A knapsack (kind of shoulder bag) with limited weight capacity.
Few items each having some weight and value.

The problem states-

Which items should be placed into the knapsack such that-

The value or profit obtained by putting the items into the knapsack is maximum.
And the weight limit of the knapsack does not exceed.

Knapsack Problem Variants-

Knapsack problem has the following two variants-

Fractional Knapsack Problem
0/1 Knapsack Problem

In this article, we will discuss about 0/1 Knapsack Problem.

0/1 Knapsack Problem-

In 0/1 Knapsack Problem,

As the name suggests, items are indivisible here.
We can not take the fraction of any item.
We have to either take an item completely or leave it completely.
It is solved using dynamic programming approach.

Also Read-Fractional Knapsack Problem

0/1 Knapsack Problem Using Dynamic Programming-

Consider-

Knapsack weight capacity = w
Number of items each having some weight and value = n

0/1 knapsack problem is solved using dynamic programming in the following steps-

Step-01:

Draw a table say ‘T’ with (n+1) number of rows and (w+1) number of columns.
Fill all the boxes of 0^th row and 0^th column with zeroes as shown-

Step-02:

Start filling the table row wise top to bottom from left to right.

Use the following formula-

T (i , j) = max { T ( i-1 , j ) , value_i + T( i-1 , j – weight_i) }

Here, T(i , j) = maximum value of the selected items if we can take items 1 to i and have weight restrictions of j.

This step leads to completely filling the table.
Then, value of the last box represents the maximum possible value that can be put into the knapsack.

Step-03:

To identify the items that must be put into the knapsack to obtain that maximum profit,

Consider the last column of the table.
Start scanning the entries from bottom to top.
On encountering an entry whose value is not same as the value stored in the entry immediately above it, mark the row label of that entry.
After all the entries are scanned, the marked labels represent the items that must be put into the knapsack.

Time Complexity-

Each entry of the table requires constant time θ(1) for its computation.
It takes θ(nw) time to fill (n+1)(w+1) table entries.
It takes θ(n) time for tracing the solution since tracing process traces the n rows.
Thus, overall θ(nw) time is taken to solve 0/1 knapsack problem using dynamic programming.

PRACTICE PROBLEM BASED ON 0/1 KNAPSACK PROBLEM-

Problem-

For the given set of items and knapsack capacity = 5 kg, find the optimal solution for the 0/1 knapsack problem making use of dynamic programming approach.

Item	Weight	Value
1	2	3
2	3	4
3	4	5
4	5	6

Find the optimal solution for the 0/1 knapsack problem making use of dynamic programming approach. Consider-

n = 4

w = 5 kg

(w1, w2, w3, w4) = (2, 3, 4, 5)

(b1, b2, b3, b4) = (3, 4, 5, 6)

A thief enters a house for robbing it. He can carry a maximal weight of 5 kg into his bag. There are 4 items in the house with the following weights and values. What items should thief take if he either takes the item completely or leaves it completely?

Item	Weight (kg)	Value ($)
Mirror	2	3
Silver nugget	3	4
Painting	4	5
Vase	5	6

Solution-

Given-

Knapsack capacity (w) = 5 kg
Number of items (n) = 4

Step-01:

Draw a table say ‘T’ with (n+1) = 4 + 1 = 5 number of rows and (w+1) = 5 + 1 = 6 number of columns.
Fill all the boxes of 0^th row and 0^th column with 0.

Step-02:

Start filling the table row wise top to bottom from left to right using the formula-

T (i , j) = max { T ( i-1 , j ) , value_i + T( i-1 , j – weight_i) }

Finding T(1,1)-

We have,

i = 1
j = 1
(value)_i = (value)₁ = 3
(weight)_i = (weight)₁ = 2

Substituting the values, we get-

T(1,1) = max { T(1-1 , 1) , 3 + T(1-1 , 1-2) }

T(1,1) = max { T(0,1) , 3 + T(0,-1) }

T(1,1) = T(0,1) { Ignore T(0,-1) }

T(1,1) = 0

Finding T(1,2)-

We have,

i = 1
j = 2
(value)_i = (value)₁ = 3
(weight)_i = (weight)₁ = 2

Substituting the values, we get-

T(1,2) = max { T(1-1 , 2) , 3 + T(1-1 , 2-2) }

T(1,2) = max { T(0,2) , 3 + T(0,0) }

T(1,2) = max {0 , 3+0}

T(1,2) = 3

Finding T(1,3)-

We have,

i = 1
j = 3
(value)_i = (value)₁ = 3
(weight)_i = (weight)₁ = 2

Substituting the values, we get-

T(1,3) = max { T(1-1 , 3) , 3 + T(1-1 , 3-2) }

T(1,3) = max { T(0,3) , 3 + T(0,1) }

T(1,3) = max {0 , 3+0}

T(1,3) = 3

Finding T(1,4)-

We have,

i = 1
j = 4
(value)_i = (value)₁ = 3
(weight)_i = (weight)₁ = 2

Substituting the values, we get-

T(1,4) = max { T(1-1 , 4) , 3 + T(1-1 , 4-2) }

T(1,4) = max { T(0,4) , 3 + T(0,2) }

T(1,4) = max {0 , 3+0}

T(1,4) = 3

Finding T(1,5)-

We have,

i = 1
j = 5
(value)_i = (value)₁ = 3
(weight)_i = (weight)₁ = 2

Substituting the values, we get-

T(1,5) = max { T(1-1 , 5) , 3 + T(1-1 , 5-2) }

T(1,5) = max { T(0,5) , 3 + T(0,3) }

T(1,5) = max {0 , 3+0}

T(1,5) = 3

Finding T(2,1)-

We have,

i = 2
j = 1
(value)_i = (value)₂ = 4
(weight)_i = (weight)₂ = 3

Substituting the values, we get-

T(2,1) = max { T(2-1 , 1) , 4 + T(2-1 , 1-3) }

T(2,1) = max { T(1,1) , 4 + T(1,-2) }

T(2,1) = T(1,1) { Ignore T(1,-2) }

T(2,1) = 0

Finding T(2,2)-

We have,

i = 2
j = 2
(value)_i = (value)₂ = 4
(weight)_i = (weight)₂ = 3

Substituting the values, we get-

T(2,2) = max { T(2-1 , 2) , 4 + T(2-1 , 2-3) }

T(2,2) = max { T(1,2) , 4 + T(1,-1) }

T(2,2) = T(1,2) { Ignore T(1,-1) }

T(2,2) = 3

Finding T(2,3)-

We have,

i = 2
j = 3
(value)_i = (value)₂ = 4
(weight)_i = (weight)₂ = 3

Substituting the values, we get-

T(2,3) = max { T(2-1 , 3) , 4 + T(2-1 , 3-3) }

T(2,3) = max { T(1,3) , 4 + T(1,0) }

T(2,3) = max { 3 , 4+0 }

T(2,3) = 4

Finding T(2,4)-

We have,

i = 2
j = 4
(value)_i = (value)₂ = 4
(weight)_i = (weight)₂ = 3

Substituting the values, we get-

T(2,4) = max { T(2-1 , 4) , 4 + T(2-1 , 4-3) }

T(2,4) = max { T(1,4) , 4 + T(1,1) }

T(2,4) = max { 3 , 4+0 }

T(2,4) = 4

Finding T(2,5)-

We have,

i = 2
j = 5
(value)_i = (value)₂ = 4
(weight)_i = (weight)₂ = 3

Substituting the values, we get-

T(2,5) = max { T(2-1 , 5) , 4 + T(2-1 , 5-3) }

T(2,5) = max { T(1,5) , 4 + T(1,2) }

T(2,5) = max { 3 , 4+3 }

T(2,5) = 7

Similarly, compute all the entries.

After all the entries are computed and filled in the table, we get the following table-

The last entry represents the maximum possible value that can be put into the knapsack.
So, maximum possible value that can be put into the knapsack = 7.

Identifying Items To Be Put Into Knapsack-

Following Step-04,

We mark the rows labelled “1” and “2”.
Thus, items that must be put into the knapsack to obtain the maximum value 7 are-

Item-1 and Item-2

To gain better understanding about 0/1 Knapsack Problem,

Next Article-Travelling Salesman Problem

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0/1 Knapsack Problem | Dynamic Programming | Example

Description

0/1 Knapsack Problem is a variant of Knapsack Problem that does not allow to fill the knapsack with fractional items. 0/1 Knapsack Problem solved using Dynamic Programming. 0/1 Knapsack Problem Example & Algorithm.

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Gate Vidyalay

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